AN 5.2 Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation

AN 5.2 Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation

S No	Feature	Pulmonary Circulation	Systemic Circulation
1	Pumping chamber	Right ventricle	Left ventricle
2	Valve between Pumping chamber and Outflow vessel	Pulmonary valves	Aortic valves
3	Outflow vessel	Pulmonary trunk & pulmonary arteris	Aorta
4	Blood in outflow vessel	Deoxygenated	Oxygenated
5	Tissues receiving the blood	Lung	All tissues except lungs
6	Gaseous exchange in tissues	CO2 taken from blood and O2 given	O2 taken from blood and CO2 given
7	Veins involved	Pulmonary veins	Superior and Inferior Vena cava
8	Blood quality in these vessels (veins)	Oxygenated	Deoxygenated
9	Receiving chamber	Left Atrium	Right Atrium
10	Purpose	Oxygenation of blood	Oxygenation of Tissues
13	Direction of blood flow	Right to Left	Left to Right

AN 5.1 Differentiate between blood vascular and lymphatic system

AN 5.1 Differentiate between blood vascular and lymphatic system

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM = CVS + LS

Difference between Cardiovascular & Lymphatic System

S No	Feature	Cardiovascular System	Lymphatic system
1	Definition	A transport system through which nutrients, hormones, oxygen, other gases and metabolites (waste products) are conveyed to appropriate parts of the body.	A drainage system accessory to the venous system
2	Components	Heart and Blood vessels (Arteries & Veins)	Bone Marrow, Thymus, Spleen, Lymph nodes and Lymph vessels
3	Transporting Fluid	Blood	Lymph
4	Constituent of Transporting Fluid	RBC, WBC, Proteins,	WBCs (esp. Lymphocytes), Proteins
5		Two way	One way (only drainage)
6	Transporting organs	Heart LV, Arteries, Capillaries, Veins, heart RA, heart RV, lungs Heart LA	Interstitial Fluid, Lymph vessel, Lymph nodes , IVC
7	Presence of Valves	Present only in anti gravity Veins	Present
8	Capillary site	In between arteriole and venule	Inter cellular space
9	Capillary permeability	Permeable to small molecules like crystalloids	Permeable to large molecules like colloid material, lipids, microorganisms, cell debris & particulate matter.
10	Valves in Capillaries	Absent	Flap valves are present between endothelial cells
11	Basal lamina in capillaries	Present	Absent
12	Pericytes in capillaries	Present	Absent
13	Function	·      Exchange of gases ·      Excretion of waste products of metabolism ·      Absorption of 85% of the tissue fluid	·      Removes metabolic wastes from the tissue cells ·      Responsible for immune response of our body ·      Absorbs fat from small intestine ·      Accessory drainage system (Absorption of remaining 15% of the tissue fluid)

PLEURAL RECESSES & ITS APPLIED

Pleural recesses are the extensions of the pleural cavities along the lines of pleural reflections. These spaces/recesses are unoccupied by lung during quite respiration.

They act as reserve spaces for the lung to expand during deep inspiration. 

There are two recesses in the pleural cavity:

1. COSTOMEDIASTINAL RECESS

2. COSTODIAPHRAGMATIC RECESS

1. Costomediastinal recess 

This recess is bounded by junctional parts of the costal & mediastinal pleura. It lies anteriorly, behind the sternum and costal cartilages. The right recess is narrow while the left recess is wide at the level of fourth to sixth costal cartilages.

2. Costodiaphragmatic recess

This recess is bounded by junctional parts of the costal and diaphragmatic pleura. In deep inspiration recesses of both sides are partially filled. 

Right recess is related to the liver and posterior surface if right kidney. Left recess is related to the funds of the stomach, spleen and posterior surface of left kidney.

APPLIED ANATOMY

1. Left costomediastinal recess is responsible for the presence of superficial cardiac dullness.

2. In upright X-ray, the costodiaphragmatic angle gets blunted due to minimal amount of pleural effusion.

3.Fluid in pleural cavity is termed HYDROTHORAX.

4. Pus in pleural cavity is termed PYOTHORAX.

5. Blood in pleural cavity is termed HEMOTHORAX.

6. Air in pleural cavity is termed PNEUMOTHORAX.

7. Presence of blood along with air in pleural cavity is termed HEMOPNEUMOTHORAX.

8. Presence of pus along with air in pleural cavity is termed as PYOPNEUMOTHORAX.

9. Presence of fluid along with air in pleural cavity is termed HYDROPNEUMOTHORAX.